I have learned so much from Professor Jim Al-Khalili. His videos are classic.

This is absolutely mind-blowing! It's incredible to think that plants have been utilizing the power of quantum mechanics all along to efficiently convert sunlight into energy. The fact that the exoton wave spreads out across the cell and explores all possible paths simultaneously is just mind-boggling. It's amazing to see how the fields of biology and physics are coming together to unravel the mysteries of the natural world. The more we learn, the more we realize how much we don't know. Quantum mechanics is definitely vastly superior to any human technology, and it's fascinating to see how it has shaped the entire living world. Thank you for sharing this amazing video!

God thought of everything when he created it out the things that are unseen. Who is smarter? God or man.

@Nova Celeste Man. When we make a donkey talk, he is much, much smarter than god's version. ;-)

I shoved a bean up my nose 3 weeks ago and now that it has taken root and is begining to send vines up into my brain, as it follows the light coming in from my eyes, eye can feel the exoton wave spreading. Its quite remarkable for sure!

@Schmetter Ling wow, someone has missed the mark and point by a quantum leap. 😊

Astonishingly good explanation of quantum physics, it’s history and relevance. I’ve seen loads of these types of documentaries but this was by far the easiest to watch and understand. Brilliant !

Although QM deals with probability and uncertainty, we can observe the role of determinism. Somehow QM is a bundle of rules that fits in an arrangement. Quantum entanglement somehow makes it possible to determine outcome. Physicists like Jim will make it possible to explain how QM makes everything possible. Beautiful explanation.

In other words... you still don't know anything about it. ;-)

@Schmetter Ling is it even possible to know anything?

@CantGetEnoughBach Yes, I am perfectly capable of knowing your grades in high school: they were all Ds and Fs. :-)

"Somehow QM is a bundle of rules that fits in an arrangement" This is both imprecise and inaccurate

@garet claborn ...and incomplete.

I have just read his book" Life on the Edge" . It's a wonderful book. And after reading the book this video is very understandable. But my question is that how the particles have quantum behavior in the realm of biology when they are neither isolated nor in low temperature! In fact, they are monitored or measured by other particles or cells in our body!

Thank you, Prof. Jim Al-Kahlili for this fantastic video! You have made Quantum Physics much easier to understand!

Been feeling like I haven't seen enough of Professor Al-Khalili. More!

Terrific! I learned a lot. Love videos with Professor Jim Al-Khalili.

Right... name one thing you learned!?

Just our relatively recent expectations about reality, and the universe... Entanglement does not defy LOGIC itself. It could not be is so. Plus I actually think it is logical, that's what defines every place and relative probabilities.

Fascinating video-- Thank you to everyone involved. Next time your sound editor goes to work, ask them to reduce the volume so the voice of the narrator can always be heard clearly-- in some segments, the frenetic music overwhelms. The information is too good to miss!

Great explanation professor Jim. I never knew chemical bonds providing strings causes us to smell stuff.

Amazing descriptions and explanations. Thank you

Professor Jim Al Khalili, my admiration for the way he explains such complicated things in a very understandable way.

HUH? Hes a goof, this is nonsense, ie see Roger Penrose

@seymourlj Roger Penrose is a real scientist, not a BBC goof.

@barry robinson agree on that !!!

​@seymourlj this guy isn't a scientist? I did not.know that, I thought he was a professor of physics or something.

Kudos to Prof. Al-Khalili for bringing this to the lay audience. As a social science researcher investigating human social phenomena, I've embraced quantum mechanics as the most elegant paradigm to explain social phenomena. So here's my question: If quantum physics could potentially hold all of life's secrets, as proposed by Prof. Khalili, how can this be observed in society and culture?

One notion could be that social behavior could be very different as long as it is under measurement or being monitored by an observer! In isolation, however, social behaviors could be different. Just like the particles which behave differently when not observed or measured .

You need to study physics in depth before trying to equate it to sociology. They're not the same at all.

@schmarpsywinkleurnklabean659  No they're not, I agree. But observations and interpretations of social phenomena bear very strong resemblances to principles of quantum mechanics. That's what spooks me.

You are a good teacher. Thank you!

Yes ,we still have so much to learn ?! Seems to make life a lot fuller and days seem too short ? Thank you for the awsome lesson !

I love evolution. It is so clear and simple. Complex life and matter with perfect design all from nothing. Unreal really, when you think about it.

It is not unusual for things created in the same time and space to share unique characteristics. Twins share unique characteristics no matter how far apart they go after being created. No biggie

Amazing informative vídeo! Great job!

All those guy's coming from the BBC house like Mr. Attenborough,Prof. A.Kahlili ,Prof. B.Cox.. seem to have the talent to bring a fascinating scientific story in an understandable (beautiful) language.

quantum entanglement makes me think that in the fourth dimension all particles are still in a singularity occupying the same space...thus all communication is instantaneous.

I found a very simple mathematical model for entanglement, tunneling and a parallel universe, and I am so impressed with this gorgeous video that I want to share this neat little discovery. Take a 10 by 10 grid, and fill it randomly with digits between 0 and 9, then add a "wall" that divides the grid in half. Now pick a grid cell, and use the number in the cell as the distance for a jump. If the number is 2, for example, jump 2 cells north, south, east, or west. You then have the start of a number tree, with up to four branches. If the cell you land on contains 4, then jump 4 cells, etc. Repeat till no further jumps are possible without colliding with other branches of the tree. Think of the cells that contain 0 as "dark matter" or "control rods". In this way, we can transform every non-zero cell in the grid into a tree of cells -- which is a bit like transforming a particle into a wave, or like transforming a photon into a whole tree of entangled photons. We end up with "parallel universes". The first "universe", the grid, is spatial: cells are adjacent. The second, the "universe of the number trees", is non-spatial: the trees are intertwined and non-adjacent. Look at one of these trees: chances are that it "tunnels" right through the "wall". Now change the color of one of the grid cells, and propagate that change through the tree and back: All of the cells caught up in that tree change color together: "entanglement"! Now try to locate a particular cell. If we are looking in "the wrong universe", then we will see not a cell but a whole tree of cells, a whole tree of possibilities. Such a simple model! Maybe the universe is just as simple!

me too

​@Deborah Dabbs What is the model you found? I remember puzzling over how a "particle" can be a "wave". But mathematical entities often have multiple identities or representations. Is the tuple ( 1, 2, 3) a point? or the polynomial function 1 + 2*x + 3*xx? As a function, it represents an infinitude of points. Now, in mathematics, each representation has its own space or universe, and these spaces are parallel, inasmuch as we can map one into the other. What if we applied this intellectual strategy to physics, and treated particles as residents of one universe and waves as residents of another?! That's where we might find the missing parallel universe! Neat!

🤯👍

The logic of quantum suggests that it gives a feeling of something being there that as for the birds, allows to detect and follow something known (a rest area) as the probability of success that is shared as well. In other words, instead of just thinking of just feeling earth, to add the distance coping space is providing earth to sensitize someone concentrating on it give purpose of being.

So even the distance being traveled is suggesting the feeling being followed for its end is working.

Its based on flows of feelings instead of being lead by the flows of matter to being relocated.

This could be the fault of the covid testing for medication development and preparedness was for mass exchange quickness instead of a feeling attraction.

That is what physics about, to find the established useful patterns to mathematical recognition instead of just being a chemistry tool in support to building mass standard patterns recognition.

The finding of things as functions.

This is the first video with Prof. Jim I've seen - he's an absolute natural at explaining these complex subjects!

Prof Jim has made so many videos over the years for the BBC, even those that are really confusing to non physics people like myself, Prof Jim has this way of explaining things that I can see what's going on but could never explain it in the succinct way that he does. He's a fantastic presenter.

It does all make sense, it is simple and logical. We are so young as a species we just don't understand it yet. My theory is: Quantum particles never disappear, we just can't follow any particle as it travels through other dimensions. It looks like magic. AI will teach us about interdimensional physics. I think it is also the answer to faster than light travel.

How is the "vibration" detected and transmitted by nerves to the brain ? Can the process be reversed ? Like when a memory or thought provokes a perceived odor ?

I am a huge fan and would love to discuss some physics I have came across as I continue to study this field.

well, speak your mind sis

What if a human can use quantum entanglement like a robin

Very interesting and amazing, high quality!

The one thing I get from programs like this is that no matter how clever scientists are, (and they absolutely are) they can't figure out where their cleverness comes from. They just carry on making new and amazing discoveries and yet somehow they think that there is nothing guiding the way that everything works, that the Laws that govern how all things operate, just made themselves and came about by random chance. Now considering the intricate complexity that is clearly evident in everything they investigate, THAT, is truly mind-boggling!

This is not a discovery. It's an idea (a grasping idea at that) with absolutely zero credibility.

@Matthew Lillistone What's up with the puppet play? ;-)

Are you advocating creationism?

@James Ponder Depends on what you mean by that.

@Ev Haddrell Well the idea that because nature is so finely balanced and everything seems to be reliant on a string of coincidences that it is unlikely it just happened that way by itself and must have had a designer, therefore god was the designer.

It defies logic because we are missing something. Like all mysteries in the past, a new paradigm or a better understanding of the world is required.

excellent video start to finish. Music was great addition, breakdowns and visuals on point. perfect for my senses

For the first time quantum mechanics sounds logic to me!

Really good video, thank you for posting.

Quatum entanglement is perfectly logical when you understand that there are no particles and everything is omnidimensional waveforms all the time.

Michael Levin's research suggests bioelectrical patterns encode for biological memory that is responsible for heredity - different morphologies being achieved and passed on despite no change in the DNA. I'm suggesting there is a possibility that these bioelectrical patterns somehow interact with bonds in the DNA molecule on a quantum level to generate biological change (morphologic change, adaptation, heredity). Any thoughts?

Yes, you didn't pay attention in high school. ;-)

That seems quite reasonable,

Are you talking about what the genotype not changing but the phenotype does?

@ShinySephiroth He is talking about his delusions. ;-)

@Schmetter Ling  LOL I'm honestly trying to understand but off of the top of my head I'm not seeing it.

maybe its more shocking that we DON'T expect a (i suppose) basic physical process to happen all around us

It is basic. Nature made it. We simply suck at interpreting nature's design.

We do expect it.

Depends on what you define as logical. Even classical phenomenon can very illogical. For example: how do motion and a well defined position of a body exist at the exact same moment and how does a body moves from position A to B anyway, without going through an infinite number of positions in between.

Motion never exists at a specified point in time. The mass might possess a momentum vector though.

@Nondescript speaking about the illogical nature of classical mechanics

@Vincent Maybe I misunderstand. Even classical mechanics require the passage of time for motion to exist at all. Your comment asked how motion and position exist at the exact same moment. They don't.

​@Nondescript this paradox is never taught in school. Both are aspects of our reality and nobody seems to question the fact that they can't co-exist in time. However, I always hear that QM is counter-intuitive where CM, evidently, is not.

​@Vincent I think maybe in CM the explanation is that they just replace the aspect of "motion" with "momentum", as a potential kinetic energy that exists in the object as a result of some unspecified force applied at a previous moment in time?

Quantum entanglement is like seeing two ends of a three dimensional object in a two dimensional space. The quantum particles are just the parts we can see of something that exists in another dimension.

Nothing at all can be seen in a two dimensional space, because it would have no thickness at all. "Two dimensional space" is a mathematical construct of geometry that cannot be seen or demonstrated in the real world. There is no such thing as a two dimensional object in the physical world.

It's only after I got entangled with my Television set that this video made sense. My foot got caught in the power cable and I banged my head. Afterwards my mind was up there in lights.

100% on presentation 50/50 on concept

when he did the red and green pinwheel experiment, it made me wonder if maybe there needs to be more classifications of electrons. if certain electrons have certain predictable relationships with eachother- i would think some electrons are variants or transitional variants with specific purposes in the world of electrons. using electron entanglement could potentially help create new sources of energy or new ways to manipulate matter.

Yes, that is exactly the wrong way about thinking about the problem.

Even when Einstein was wrong, he certainly asked the right questions.... except with Georges LeMaitre and the expansion of the Universe who believed the Universe was expanding from a singularity because it was created by G-d. I am not sure that Einstein ever accepted that.

Lemaitre didn't. And he wrote it clearly to the Pope. It was mathematics nothing else he said.

Amazing. I wonder how the aspects relating to smell connect with pheromones and why certain people are more attracted to each other. Could it even be connected to falling in love?

I think it has to do with familiarity based on memories of comforting feelings with the person your attached to.

love is chemical, we've known this since forever.......

With all due respect, Gd Afternoon everyone here. Quantum Entanglement. The Phenomenan that defies all logic. Secret of Quantum Physic/ Progress. This video was uploaded and shown on 17th November 2022 with 78, 756 viewers and 1.1K likes. Fascinating and Magnificient videos. Now it's 30th January 2023. A trip down memory lane. Amazing Throwback. It's approximately 2month ago. 💜🇸🇬🤗🤗✌✌🐾⚡🌻🌻🇸🇬🦋🦋🌍🤗🤗✌✌

With all due respect is usually followed by a criticism, regardless of intent, that could be viewed as negative. Threw me a little. 🦋

Quantum entanglement does not defy all logic. There is this little thing called Faraday rotation that you have to completely ignore to make believe that spooky action of photons is real. Photons sent in opposite directions will always have opposite spins when sent in opposite direction. Photon spin and EM wave polarity will be dictated by a cosine function WRT the polarity of the magnetic field. Electron spin will reorient back to orthogonal to the direction of travel, per the left-hand rule. Electron spin is not dictated by the polarity of the magnetic field like a photon is. You might be able to control the spin, but it will always reorient to orthogonal within a few nanoseconds, when moving.

20:11 In Vietnamese, our phrase for smell includes the word for hear, it actually translates literally to "Hear a smell"

Very well done

we found quantum tunneling in a freaking tadpole? and its in everything with enzymes? truly the greatness of the creator is unfathomable

At a large metallic warehouse in Harrisburg PA, birds fly in and then can’t escape, even when the large doors are left wide open! They fly around in panic, but just inside and eventually just drop dead! It’s as if the metal completely messes up their magnetic detection: seems they rely on it more than they do on sight

Whoever thought logic is real, thought based ideas are only what we can get our head round using limited belief systems, communication is not just verbal it’s vibrational , energetic and maybe the frequency is love

Dude, you clearly didn't pay attention in primary school when they explained logic to you. :-)

I’m from Michigan and our state bird is the American Robin…I was always happy to see them after winter because they come back in the spring. They have always made me smile around March👍🏼💙🌎

My brain just exploded. I think it must have been entangled with another brain. Great stuff.

Excellent!

However, these are the steps towards an achievement. Thanks and congratulations then for sharing this video with us all. Yes indeed.. Dated 30th January 2023...🇸🇬🇸🇬🤗🤗✌✌💜

Thanks for explaining 👍 Does Devs hotstar series also tell the same?

And consider that you fire a mass particle through a fluid. There are two reciprocal vortexes. One on each side. Inversely curled.

12:10 I thought when they were entangled, they always were opposites? 14:31 that is such beautiful scenery.

Entanglement is just a fancy way of saying connected by a common cause. When you hit the ball to the ground, the sound is an entangled effect if two objects colliding.

Quantum entanglement does not defy all logic. There is this little thing called Faraday rotation that you have to completely ignore to make believe that spooky action of photons is real. Photons sent in opposite directions will always have opposite spins when sent in opposite direction. Photon spin and EM wave polarity will be dictated by a cosine function WRT the polarity of the magnetic field. Electron spin will reorient back to orthogonal to the direction of travel, per the left-hand rule. Electron spin is not dictated by the polarity of the magnetic field like a photon is. You might be able to control the spin, but it will always reorient to orthogonal within a few nanoseconds, when moving.

"Why Does Quantum Entanglement Defy All Logic?" Because it's a figment of some theorists imagination....

Dear sir ,my hypothesis about microcosm is related with human beings wisdom,senses and mind. The combined action of these three quantum particles in presence of Higgs Bosson results an astonishing singularity! Is the"Psyndictor"

After 15 minutes i know i watch this video two or three times under different titles.

Yeah, and here’s me thinking I’m going to be treated with a new Jim video. Drats.

Exactly. No quantum probability needed.

It's them Big orange balls rolling around the northern British isles.

Resistance to this video is futile. You will be entangled.

No kidding. Happens every time

Oh no, Jim Akhalili-probably the most interesting human on planet earth. There goes the next hour of my life. Time well spent.

I am writing a novel partially based on the idea that all animals, including human beings, communicate (to lesser and greater degree, from one individual or another) emotins, clues to veracity or mendacity, bravery or cowardice, male aggressiveness or passivity, flirtatiousness or emotional coldness. . . . What does anyone think about this?

Professor Jim did a great video on Nothingness which cannot be accessed anymore on You tube.

“Life is a game of chances”….whoever is perfectly structured and organized…we must say it loudly to not see it….

You are certainly not perfectly structured. ;-)

How does it work? or do we just know it works.😅

After listening whilst busy in the garden for 40 minutes I’d convinced myself the English presenter was David Miliband. I was genuinely surprised this morning to see a guy that wasn’t him .

If you get red on the first electron, you will get green on the second - as far as electron polarization goes.

Quantum biology has born

brilliant demonstrations of mutation!

Well interesting, can't say I understood much of it!

Quantum entanglement would not baffle anyone if we accepted the obvious conclusion that the speed of light is much much faster than what we think it is.

JUST GREAT !!!

Because we're living in a SIMULATION !

Brilliant thanks chap

We are missing dimensions with our limited senses.

If atom vibration effects or sense of smell then can sound waves interfere with the atom bound vibration altering the sense of the smell of that particular atom bounds your smelling at the moment?

Sound waves are a compression wave. While molecular waves are electromagnetic waves. He's just using hearing the smells as a metaphor. In that molecular electromagnetic waves and compression waves are both waves. But different things are "waving". So making a noise and hoping your farts don't stink of sulphur, but smell something more pleasant like butterscotch... probably won't work. But worth an experiment anyways. You never know. LOL!

If quantum entanglement is instant over vast distances, as three scientists received the 2022 Nobel prize for proving, then it may well be possible to send a message across the Universe instantly with the advantage/disadvantage that not only will the receiver know the message before it’s been sent but the transmitter will know the answer before he’s sent the question.

Sounds like you don't have to ask other people questions when you can just answer them yourself.

It's a good observation. I do wonder whether quantum entanglement is not a process of information sharing, but rather a sign that our universe is deterministic; that if you create quantum particles, i.e, particles created at the same moment in time under the same circumstances, that these two particles are simply following a wave function for a given time T where T is the moment of observation and therefore resulting in the only possible outcome at that moment. If that is the case, then they are not really entangled. Their state would simply be defined by the wave function. If you know the function and all its inputs then you can know the state of the particle at the time of observation and so information is conserved.

@Thom Christensen Basically I think that this makes the case that particles are not created from waves, but matter is created from dipole particles. The particle chart is backwards in that they are not creating new particles in super colliders, but they are breaking matter apart along fissures in the crystalline structures of matter. All matter is made of photons. So, neutrinos are just various configurations of photons busted apart from matter. Electrons and protons are particles, not manifestations of waves. Electrons and positrons are particles and magnetic monopoles; halves of photons. All charged particles are condensers and carriers of photons. An electron, proton, or positron, condenses and carries 1/ mole of photons (each) around it.

Mind smashing.

It doesn't defy ALL logic by any means. It clearly conforms to quantum logic.

There is no such thing as quantum logic. There are only people who don't understand quantum mechanics. ;-)

@Schmetter Ling Yes there is.

I had a neardeath experience four years ago, And a lot of clocks would suddenly stop and move backwards, There were no cars on a busy street or people. This is just a tip of the iceberg

Amazing 🤩

In my hypothesis "Spooky Action At A Distance" is just like light hitting the back of the retina. Could be we are living inside a giant eyeball. Or it could be a reflection in a mirror. If you want to explain why the color sometimes changes, consider color blindness.

Uuuh?

Give that man a Nobel Prize!

Quantum mechanics does have a hypothesis that our universe is a projection

Apparently our perspective of that event is flawed.

Quantum entanglement: all particles in the universe are in the same place at different times, only time separates them. Quantum entanglement only synchronizes particles hence putting them in the same place in time. There is no real distance. Down to the point they are actually the same particle.

No

@Dodoit’s not true, but a similar thought process (one electron universe) led to the development of QFT

@Dodo cool, ok but why not. I will say that relative to the size of the universe we are becoming a smaller part of it hence we are shrinking the question. The thing that I’ve been wondering about for the last few years is how to determine if everything in the universe is shrinking or is the entire universe expanding. I finally realized that if a singularity is infinitely small and and time is slowed to a stop around it, in a shrinking universe a singularity would appear massive because we see it in the past. Now if we can observe a singularities size after it has exhausted it’s “food source” and it still grows in size then that WOULD REALLY BE SOMETHING unless the slowing of time around the singularity is an effect of the material surrounding the singularity and not the singularity itself.

@Jesse Davis the universe is a contradiction of sorts, It would have better if I had stated my thoughts as ideas instead of facts. But why is it not possible?

@Nicholas Ackerman I don’t remember the technical crap, but there’s vod of one electron universe stuff and why it’s not really the case but an interesting framework from which aspects of quantum physics was developed.

Awesome !

Love it

Ahhhhhh! Quantum Physics - the science of faith!

Thank you!!!!!

No, it doesn't defy all logic. It's perfectly logical with the correct assumptions.

The eyes play tricks, the ears can't hear, but the nose knows.

Does the chlorophyll interaction tune solar energy to a particular quanta of energy that only the reaction center can absorb? Otherwise, the exiton is an electron that, what, has been in some way entangled with the reaction center at the chlorophyll molecule? How does it differ from a free electron such that its wave function can pass in all directions through “a forest of chlorophyll molecules” and other tissues and yet always collapse at the only reaction center? Or does the electron only shift orbit and release an EM wave? Regardless, what is it about the reaction center that prevents randomness or diffraction or absorption elsewhere but rather always makes it the focus of this energy packet? Quantized energy seems a reasonable guess. What am I missing?

It *doesn't* defy all logic. It simply doesn't fit in with our pre-existing notions that influences must travel from point A to point B at some finite speed. It turns out that *some* (limited) influences can occur instantaneously. That's not illogical - it's just surprising to us.

Yes, you don't understand physics. :-)

@Schmetter Ling That's a nice, detailed critique. Bravo...

@KipIngram It's a fact. You are the only one who can change that fact. I can not understand physics for you any more than a concert pianist can play the piano for me. Either I take the time to learn the piano or I don't. I didn't. You will, however, never hear me explaining the piano to a pianist. I am not that stupid. I would suggest that you don't try to explain things that you don't understand, either. Put the five to eight years time that it takes to learn physics in, then come back. Fair? ;-)

@Schmetter Ling Well, I can't stop your posturing, so... enjoy. Stay safe and well.

Right, and our eyes are very advanced sonar that absorb photons.

The real question is who made these subatomic particles in the first place and have this world of all living organisms to follow/obey the rules (or principles) of Quantum Mechanics?

Yes, that is a question that plagues those who didn't pay attention in high school, isn't it? ;-)

God spoke everything into existence, leaving tangible evidence of the moment of creation by Him.

@PCStem Cougar And then there are those who didn't pay attention when it was revealed to them that Santa Clause doesn't exist. ;-)

again very good explaination by jim,but again the sound engineer with his music spoilt it,

"Why Does Quantum Entanglement Defy All Logic?" Because what can be known from logic is limited to the scope of the information you extrapolate from. From the perspective of non-duality, quantum entanglement is perfectly logical.

And there is the kid who knows nothing about either logic or quantum mechanics. :-)

The galactic separation was just to randomize the action of the filters. Fine. I want to see more focus on the part of the experiment where the photon pairs are generated here on earth from one source. At what moment do you have an entangled pair, and why do you say so?

You have an entangled pair at the moment that you measure one. Before that you got nothing.

@Schmetter Ling I read elsewhere they have to be created same place and time or brought close together somehow to get tangled to start

There was no need of loud music in this informative video

It`s all fascinating stuff, but I`m trying to teach myself some serious mathematics in order to dig deeper into such likes as QM. Difficult ? It`s ridiculous ! It makes A Level ( Avanced Level - if you are reading from abroad ) Maths seem simple. Even from day 1 degree maths is crazy hard, at least for me. But it`s no good - I won`t be put off.

Its made deliberately difficult so people don't work out what a pile of bs it is.

A-MA-ZING !! ❤

If quantum physics is a estimate of how every different part filling space associates with the next area, is reminding everything is in a flowing state, thus not necessarily needing to end up with a exact figure, but with each step finding association with the next to some extend that is finally leading to the flow of light of the Sun becoming the basic life promoting substance, that must be stated provides light precision warm, not only sight, for life's growth... the real "association meaning" search principle.

This is the approach that AI would be choosing to find timely support of a day's activities and uniting thought of how the day is evaluated to the point it is becoming recorded that could as normal book creations allowing for advancing a person's IQ.